


To be sure, every operation Napoleon conducted contained unique improvisatory features. Napoleon disavowed any suggestion that he worked from formula ("Je n'ai jamais eu un plan d'op rations"), but military historian David Chandler demonstrates this was at best only a half-truth. The Campaigns of Napoleon is an exhaustive analysis and critique of Napoleon's art of war as he himself developed and perfected it in the major military campaigns of his career. Napoleonic war was nothing if not complex-an ever-shifting kaleidoscope of moves and intentions, which by themselves went a long way towards baffling and dazing his conventionally-minded opponents into that state of disconcerting moral disequilibrium which so often resulted in their catastrophic defeat.
